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Argentina |
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| GLOBAL INTELLIGENCE
UPDATE |
Argentina:
Dialing For Dollars
9 March 2000
Summary
Central
bank chiefs from Argentina, Brazil and Mexico attended a conference
sponsored by the Dallas Federal Reserve in the United States on March 6-7
to examine the benefits that dollarization could bring to their economies.
Dollarization – adopting the U.S. dollar as a country’s sole
currency – in the Argentine case could well solve many of that
country’s economic problems. While Argentine President Fernando de la
Rua has not committed his country to outright dollarization, his actions
suggest such a move is in the cards.
Analysis
Argentina is toying with
the idea of dollarization – adopting the U.S. dollar as its sole
currency. Central bank chiefs from Argentina, as well as Brazil and
Mexico, attended a meeting sponsored by the United States Federal Reserve
board in Dallas March 6-7 to examine the benefits of dollarization. While
this policy has its pros and cons, in the case of Argentina it is
economically feasible, even desirable – and therefore expected.
Argentina’s new
President Fernando de la Rua – still on his political honeymoon – has
the political clout to manage the dollarization process. Prior to taking
office on Dec. 10, 1999, he boldly promised a growth rate of least 4
percent for 2000. But in order to increase growth, De la Rua must increase
Argentina’s access to capital and decrease the cost of doing business.
Dollarization is an option for achieving these goals.
Perhaps the most alluring
aspect of dollarization for the Argentine government is the degree to
which it would hitch its economy – which is in recession – to the
soaring U.S. one. Such a direct linkage would permanently force
Argentina’s at times robust inflation in line with U.S. norms.
Establishing a single currency regime would lower the cost of trade with
the United States. This expanded trade would trigger an economic expansion
that recessionary Argentina desperately needs.
More important than
increased access to the U.S. market, however, is increased access to U.S.
capital – both in the form of direct investment and lending. With the
cost of exchanging currency shrinking to zero, North American businesses
would have a powerful incentive to sink their resources into the Argentine
economy. Furthermore, lending rates to Argentina would drop to U.S. norms,
sharply reducing interest rate fluctuations. The reduced cost of borrowing
– and increased investor confidence – would spur domestic economic
growth throughout the Argentine economy. Cheap, long-term loans would also
be available to small businesses and homeowners – something almost
unheard of outside of the world’s richest, and most stable, economies.
There is, however, a
potential downside to dollarization. Argentina would have to abandon all
pretense of holding an independent monetary policy, subjecting the country
fully to the winds of globalization. This is often perceived as a harsh
surrender of national sovereignty. Yet small countries that have
dollarized, such as Panama, have seen the sacrificing of monetary policy
work in their favor. Moving
monetary policy from a heavily politicized domestic authority to an
independent foreign authority lessens the threat of politically motivated
economic intervention, such as artificial currency devaluations. The idea
of U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan managing a stable and
predictable monetary policy, instead of a local political crony managing a
politically expedient one, is attractive to businesses
throughout Latin America. This is also true for foreign investors –
especially the North American investors who revere Mr. Greenspan as the
patron saint of money.
Perhaps the largest leap
of faith for countries seeking to dollarize is the loss of a lender of
last resort in case of economic crisis. If Argentina dollarizes and
surrenders its monetary policy, and then later suffers a crisis, it would
be forced to appeal directly to the United States, or more likely the
International Monetary Fund, for emergency funding. While still able to
run account deficits, the government could no longer print currency as a
means of raising revenues. Yet, since printing currency would trigger
inflation and capital flight as it has in Russia, this perceived
“restriction” is a benefit in disguise.
This does not mean that
Argentina would lose control of its economy – far from it. To maintain
successful dollarization Argentina would need to hone its fiscal policy as
it could no longer depend on its monetary tools. While Argentina already
has one of the world’s freest economies, losing monetary policy would
necessitate an incredibly effective fiscal policy. Tax laws would need to
become more efficient and government funding schemes more transparent.
Otherwise Argentina simply would not be able to deal with any external
economic – or internal political – shocks.
Taking the final step to
full, official dollarization would be relatively easy for Argentina.
Argentina has maintained its peso at parity with the U.S. dollar for nine
years; dollarization would not bring a price shock. Furthermore,
maintaining this peg already constrains Argentine monetary policy; a
transfer to full dollarization would not be as large a shock as it would
be for many other countries. Unofficially, Argentina has already
dollarized; 80 percent of bank loans are already in U.S. dollars. Finally,
there is the issue of capability. Argentina has large enough dollar
currency reserves to buy back all of the pesos in circulation; it could
dollarize at any time. It’s merely a question of political will.
Another Latin American
country, Ecuador, is also moving toward full dollarization – although
stumbling toward dollarization would be a more accurate depiction. The
Ecuadorian Congress voted March 1 to proceed with President Gustavo
Noboa’s dollarization plan. While Argentina has a stable economy and a
responsible government, neither Ecuador’s financial or political houses
are in order. Ecuador, while technically having the currency reserves to
undergo the process, lacks the underlying
economic and political stability to pull off the feat without risking
social collapse.
Argentina has recently
seen a massive redirection of Argentine investment flow north to its
largest trading partner, Brazil. Partly this is due to the more developed
nature of the Argentine economy, but mostly it is due to the 40 percent
currency devaluation Brazil suffered in 1999 as part of the fallout of the
Asian financial crisis. Because the Argentine peso is pegged to a surging
U.S. dollar, the cost of doing business in Brazil is currently lower. If
Argentina does indeed adopt the U.S. dollar as its sole currency, then its
sometimes rancorous economic relations with its Mercosur trading partners
– Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay – should calm slightly.
Argentine dollarization
would provide a vast inflow of cheap capital to offset the drain to Brazil
and partially offset its dependence on Brazil with stronger links to the
United States. This would in turn stimulate Argentina’s recessionary
economy. In the long term a solid, dollar-denominated Argentine economy
with its low interest rates could tempt the rest of Mercosur into
considering dollarization as a potential option for their own economies.
Uruguay has already called for the adoption of a Mercosur-wide currency.
If Argentina dollarizes, the U.S. dollar may well be the only option.
The United States has
played coy so far at the prospect of its currency playing an ever-wider
role internationally. On one hand, U.S. policy makers would welcome
Argentina in a de facto U.S.-led currency zone. Such a move would lash
Latin America even closer to the United States and complicate the European
Union’s bid to sign an association agreement with Mercosur. Yet U.S.
Treasury Secretary Larry Summers and Federal Reserve Chairman Allen
Greenspan have stated that the United States will not take the situations
of other countries into account when drafting monetary policy and will not
micromanage their economies.
The real – and unspoken
– U.S. concern, however, is what if the rest of Mercosur and Mexico
actually follow the Argentine lead? Argentina’s economy is less than 4
percent of the United States’; a dollarized Argentina will not
significantly affect the United States. But Mercosur and Mexico together
amount to almost 20 percent of U.S. GDP. While the expansion of U.S.
economic power to such a degree would be welcomed in Washington, such a
wide “dollar-zone” would create major headaches for North American
monetary policy – regardless of the official line.
The
issue comes down to President de la Rua’s intentions. Official, full
dollarization would strip away the country’s few remaining monetary
tools in exchange for increased trade, capital flows and efficiency
throughout the Argentine economy. While Argentina’s economic situation
will not force De la Rua to dollarize, it is certainly the fastest, most
thorough and most permanent option available for stimulating economic
growth. The real surprise would be if De la Rua decided – after nine
years of unofficial dollarization – not to complete the process and
garner the full benefits for Argentina.
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